1877 in Europe

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 29. Chapters: 1877 in Bulgaria, 1877 in England, 1877 in France, 1877 in Germany, 1877 in Ireland, 1877 in Norway, 1877 in Scotland, 1877 in the United Kingdom, Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 Scottish Cup, 1876-77 Scottish Cup, 1877 FA Cup Final, Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 1877, Siege of Plevna, 1876-77 in Scottish football, Battle of Shipka Pass, 16 May 1877 crisis, Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Company, 1877-78 FA Cup, 1876-77 FA Cup, Distillers Company Limited, Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co, Parker v South Eastern Railway Company, Blantyre mining disaster, 1877 in Wales, Battle of Lovcha, Battle of Gorni Dubnik, 1877 Wimbledon Championship, Battle of Nikopol, Liberation of Bulgaria, German federal election, 1877, French legislative election, 1877, 1877 English cricket season, Battle of Svistov, Battle of Tashkessen, 1877-78 in English football, Battle of Elena, 1876-77 in English football. Excerpt: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 (In Turkey, it is known as '93 Battle) (Russian: ¿¿¿¿¿¿-¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿ 1877-1878 ¿¿., Turkish: '93 Harbi or 1877-78 Osmanli-Rus Savasi) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and numerous Balkan countries. Fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, its origins lie in the wake of nationalism in the Balkan region as well as in the Russian aspiration of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the Black Sea and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the war, Russia succeeded in claiming several provinces in the Caucasus, namely Kars and Batum. The principalities of Romania (which was also forced by Russia to cede the Budjak region of the Danube delta, in breach of the treaty by which Romania became a Russian ally and allowed the passage of Russian troops on its territory), Serbia and Montenegro, each of which had had de facto sovereignty for some time, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire. After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination (1396-1878), the Bulgarian state was reestablished as the Principality of Bulgaria, covering the land between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains (except Northern Dobrudja which was given to Romania) as well as the region of Sofia, which became the new state's capital. The Congress of Berlin also allowed Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United Kingdom to take over Cyprus. Article 9 of the 1856 Paris Peace Treaty, concluded at the end of the Crimean War, obliged the Ottoman Empire to grant Christians equal rights with Muslims. An edict, Hatt-i Hümayun, was issued that proclaimed the principle of the equality of Muslims and non-Muslims, and produced some specific reforms to this end. For example, the jizya tax was abolished and non-Muslims were allowed to join the army.