Anglický jazyk

9th century in the Byzantine Empire

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O knihe

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 25. Chapters: Sack of Amorium, Byzantium under the Isaurians, Battle of Versinikia, Battle of Lalakaon, Byzantium under the Macedonians, Battle of Pliska, Battle of Boulgarophygon, Battle of Anzen, Rus'-Byzantine War, Battle of Bathys Ryax, Treaty of 815, Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus', Siege of Adrianople, Siege of Syracuse, Siege of Serdica, Byzantium under the Amorian dynasty, Battle of Mauropotamos. Excerpt: The Sack of Amorium by the Abbasid Caliphate in mid-August 838 was one of the major events in the long history of the Byzantine-Arab Wars. The Abbasid campaign was led by the Caliph al-Mu'tasim (reigned 833-842) in person, in retaliation to an almost unopposed expedition launched by the Byzantine emperor Theophilos (r. 829-842) into the Caliphate's borderlands the previous year. Amorium, a Byzantine city in western Asia Minor (modern Anatolia), was targeted by Mu'tasim as it was the birthplace of the ruling Byzantine dynasty and, at the time, one of Byzantium's largest and most important cities. The Caliph gathered an exceptionally large army, which he divided in two parts. The Abbasids penetrated deep into Byzantine-held Asia Minor, and the northern army defeated the Byzantine fores under Theophilos at Anzen. The Abbasid troops then converged upon Ancyra, which they found abandoned. After sacking the city, they turned south to Amorium, where they arrived on 1 August. The city fell after a short siege-probably by treason-and a large part of its inhabitants were slaughtered, with the remainder driven off as slaves. Prominent officials were taken to Samarra and executed years later after refusing to convert to Islam, becoming known as the 42 Martyrs of Amorium. The conquest of Amorium was not only a major military disaster and a heavy personal blow for Theophilos, but also a traumatic event for the Byzantines, reverberating in later literature. The sack did not ultimately alter the balance of power, which was slowly shifting in Byzantium's favour, but it thoroughly discredited the theological doctrine of Iconoclasm, ardently supported by Theophilos. As iconoclasm relied heavily on military success for its legitimization, the fall of Amorium contributed decisively to its abandonment shortly after Theophilos's death in 842. Follis of a new type, minted in large quantities in celebration of Theophilos's victories against the Arabs from ca. 835 on. On the obverse, he is r