Circumnavigators of the globe

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 164. Chapters: James Cook, Ulysses S. Grant, Francis Drake, Circumnavigation, Adam Johann von Krusenstern, Thomas Cavendish, John Byron, Jacob Le Maire, George Anson, 1st Baron Anson, Charles Darwin, Operation Sandblast, USS Triton, Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War, Ferdinand Magellan, Alessandro Malaspina, Edward L. Beach, Jr., Bill King, Robert Gray, Robert FitzRoy, Woodes Rogers, United States Exploring Expedition, Earle L. Reynolds, James Colnett, USS Brooklyn, Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy, Pete Bethune, List of circumnavigations, Phoenix of Hiroshima, 1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation, Vladimir Lysenko, Charles Wilkes, William Dampier, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Around the world sailing record, Richard Russell Waldron, Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair, George Dixon, Fernando Villaamil, Enrique of Malacca, Irving Johnson, Gemelli Careri, Juan Sebastián Elcano, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Johannes van Walbeeck, George Shelvocke, Charles William Barkley, Jacques l'Hermite, Philip Carteret, Thomas Westbrook Waldron, First Russian circumnavigation, Mark Beaumont, Andrés de Urdaneta, John Gore, Willem Schouten, Expedition 360, Operation Sea Orbit, John Clipperton, William F. Sturgis, Yuri Lisyansky, Ignacio Maria de Álava y Sáenz de Navarrete, Harold La Borde, Paul Lutus, Tobias Furneaux, Joseph Allen, Olivier van Noort, Pedro Cubero, Martín Ignacio de Loyola, Samuel Wallis, Five southernmost capes, Joris van Spilbergen, Patrice Franceschi. Excerpt: Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 - 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime. However, it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life. Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in natu...