Human Y-DNA haplogroups

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 115. Chapters: Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups, Haplogroup R1a, Haplogroup R1b, List of R1a frequency by population, Haplogroup E1b1b, Haplogroup E1b1b1a, Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Haplogroup T, Haplogroup Q, Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations, Haplogroup G2c, Haplogroup I1, Haplogroup E1b1a, Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia, Haplogroup A, Haplogroup C, Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa, Haplogroup G2a3b1, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Haplogroup R2a, Haplogroup J2, Haplogroup O3, Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups, Haplogroup B, Haplogroup C3, Haplogroup G2a3a, Haplogroup K, Haplogroup G2a1, Haplogroup L, Haplogroup O1, Haplogroup DE, Haplogroup N, Jews with Haplogroup G, Haplogroup F, Haplogroup H, Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup G1, Y-DNA haplogroups in South Asian populations, Haplogroup I2, Y-DNA haplogroups in Oceanian populations, Y-DNA haplogroups by populations of Sub-Saharan Africa, Y-chromosomal Adam, Haplogroup E2, Haplogroup K(xLT), Haplogroup P, Haplogroup O2b, Haplogroup J1c3, Y-DNA haplogroups in Central and North Asian populations, Haplogroup O2a, Haplogroup CT, Haplogroup M, Haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1b5a, Haplogroup IJ, Haplogroup E1a, Haplogroup Q1a3a1, Haplogroup IJK, Haplogroup D1, Haplogroup NO, Haplogroup S, Eurasian Adam, Haplogroup R2a1, Haplogroup J1c3d, Haplogroup CF, Haplogroup BT. Excerpt: Connection Timeout Haplogroup R1a is the phylogenetic name of a major clade of human Y-chromosome lineages. In other words, it is a way of grouping a significant part of all modern men according to a shared male-line ancestor. It is common in many parts of Eurasia and is frequently discussed in human population genetics and genetic genealogy. One sub-clade (branch) of R1a, currently designated R1a1a, is much more common than the others in all major geographical regions. R1a1a, defined by the SNP mutation M17, is particularly common in a large region extending from South Asia and Southern Siberia to Central Europe and Scandinavia. Currently, the R1a family is defined most broadly by the SNP mutation M420. The recent discovery of M420 resulted in a reorganization of the known family tree of R1a, in particular establishing a new paragroup (designated R1a*) for the relatively rare lineages which are not in the R1a1 branch leading to R1a1a. R1a and R1a1a are believed to have originated somewhere within Eurasia, most likely in the area from Eastern Europe to South Asia. The most recent studies indicate that South Asia is the most likely region of origin. The naming system commonly used for R1a remains inconsistent in different published sources, and requires some explanation. In 2002, the Y chromosome consortium (YCC) proposed a new naming system for haplogroups, which has now become standard. In this system, names with the format "R1" and "R1a" are "phylogenetic" names, aimed at marking positions in a family tree. Names of SNP mutations can also be used to name clades or haplogroups. For example, as M173 is currently the defining mutation of R1, R1 is also R-M173, a "mutational" clade name. When a new branching in a tree is discovered, some phylogenetic names will change, but by definition all mutational names will remain the same. The widely occurring haplogroup defined by mutation M17 was known by various names, such as "Eu19", in the older naming systems. The 2002 YCC