Italian North Africa

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 27. Chapters: Italian Libya, Fourth Shore, History of Libya as Italian colony, Italian settlers in Libya, Auto-Saharan Company, Italian Libya Railways, Houn, Italian Africa Police, Italian Tripolitania, Territorio Sahara Libico, Via Balbia, Port of Benghazi, Italian concentration camps in Libya, Postage stamps and postal history of Tripolitania, Italian Cyrenaica, Italian Spahis, Libyan resistance movement, List of colonial heads of Cyrenaica, Provinces of Libya, Colonial Order of the Star of Italy, El Tag, Via della Vittoria, List of colonial heads of Tripolitania. Excerpt: Italian Libya was a unified colony of Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI) established in 1934 in what represents present-day Libya. Italian Libya was formed from the colonies of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania which were taken by Italy from the Ottoman Empire in 1912 after the Italo-Turkish War of 1911 to 1912. The History of Libya as an Italian colony started in 1911 and was characterized initially by a major struggle with Muslim native Libyans which lasted until 1931. During this period the Italian government controlled only the coastal areas of the colony. After the Italian Empire conquest of Ottoman Libya in the 1911-1912 Italo-Turkish War, much of the early colonial period had Italy waging a war of subjugation against Libya's population. Ottoman Turkey surrendered its control of Libya in the 1912 Treaty of Lausanne, but fierce resistance to the Italians continued from the Senussi political-religious order, a strongly nationalistic group of Sunni Muslims. This group, first under the leadership of Omar Al Mukhtar and centered in the Jebel Akhdar Mountains of Cyrenaica, lead the Libyan resistance movement against Italian settlement in Libya. Italian forces under the Generals Pietro Badoglio and Rodolfo Graziani waged punitive pacification campaigns which turned into brutal and bloody acts of repression. Resistance leaders were executed or escaped into exile. The forced migration of more than 100,000 Cyrenaican people ended in Italian concentration camps. After two decades Italy predominated. In the 1930s the policy of Italian Fascism toward Libya began to change, and both Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, along with Fezzan, were merged into Italian Libya in 1934. The colony expanded after concessions from the British colony of Sudan and a territorial agreement with Egypt. The Kingdom of Italy at the 1919 Paris "Conference of Peace" received nothing from German colonies, but as a compensation Great Britain gave it the Oltre Giuba and France agreed to