Antiseptics

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 84. Chapters: Alcohol, Salicylic acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Phenol, Boric acid, Listerine, Antiseptic, Sodium chloride, Natron, Naphthalene, Thyme, Hand sanitizer, Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases, Silver nitrate, Sodium hypochlorite, Thymol, Tea tree oil, Benzalkonium chloride, Sodium benzoate, Chlorhexidine, Povidone-iodine, Lugol's iodine, Cresol, Lysol, Rubbing alcohol, Anacardic acid, Cocamidopropyl betaine, Cetylpyridinium chloride, Carbamide peroxide, Merbromin, Silver sulfadiazine, Sodium percarbonate, Iodoform, Sodium perborate, O-Cresol, Hexachlorophene, Silver iodide, 8-Hydroxyquinoline, Calcium hypochlorite, Benzethonium chloride, Cetrimonium bromide, Phenoxyethanol, Sozodont, Frais Luxury Products, Camphoric acid, TCP, Vaporized hydrogen peroxide, Dequalinium, Purell, 2-Phenylphenol, Tincture of iodine, Auramine O, Nepetalactone, Calamine, Asepsis, Chloroxylenol, Gojo Industries, Aftershave, Brilliant Green, Acriflavine, Ethacridine lactate, Acridine yellow, Argyrol, Policresulen, Dettol, Ambazone, Didecyldimethylammonium chloride, Chlorquinaldol, Propamidine, Proflavine, Hexylresorcinol, Carbethopendecinium bromide, Benzododecinium bromide, Germolene, Dibrompropamidine, Calcium iodate, Biclotymol, Creosol, Octenidine dihydrochloride, Tosylchloramide, Boroline, Cetrimonium chloride, Aniosgel 85 NPC, Bibrocathol, Betadine, Benzoxonium chloride, Hexamidine, P-Chlorocresol, Unguentine, Phenylmercuric borate, Carbol fuchsin, Phenol coefficient, Germ-X, Alkalol, Picloxydine, Antiseptic Dorogov's Stimulator, Roccal-D, Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, Chloraseptic, Bisbiguanide, Fenticlor, Amylmetacresol, Savlon, Oxyper, Biological Indicator Evaluation Resistometer, Mexsana, Disodium cocoamphodiacetate, Rosamicin, Mebucain, Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, Vosol, Undecoylium chloride iodine. Excerpt: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxidizer commonly used as a bleach. It is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen-oxygen single bond). Hydrogen peroxide is a clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water, that appears colorless in dilute solution. It is used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, oxidizer, and in rocketry as a propellant. The oxidizing capacity of hydrogen peroxide is so strong that it is considered a highly reactive oxygen species. Hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced in organisms as a by-product of oxidative metabolism. Nearly all living things (specifically, all obligate and facultative aerobes) possess enzymes known as peroxidases, which harmlessly and catalytically decompose low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. H2O2 adopts a nonplanar structure of C2 symmetry. Although chiral, the molecule undergoes rapid racemization. The flat shape of the anti conformer would minimize steric repulsions, the 90° torsion angle of the syn conformer would optimize mixing between the filled p-type orbital of the oxygen (one of the lone pairs) and the LUMO of the vicinal O-H bond. The observed anticlinal "skewed" shape is a compromise between the two conformers. Despite the fact that the O-O bond is a single bond, the molecule has a high barrier to complete rotation of 29.45 kJ/mol (compared with 12.5 kJ/mol for the rotational barrier of ethane). The increased barrier is attributed to repulsion between one lone pair and other lone pairs. The bond angles are affected by hydrogen bonding, which is relevant to the structural difference between gaseous and c...