1759 in Europe

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 25. Chapters: 1759 in Austria, 1759 in England, 1759 in France, 1759 in Great Britain, 1759 in Ireland, Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Battle of Ticonderoga, Planned French Invasion of Britain, Battle of Minden, Battle of Beauport, Távora affair, Battle of La Belle-Famille, Battle of Bergen, Battle of Kunersdorf, Battle of Fort Niagara, Battle of Hoyerswerda, Invasion of Guadeloupe, 1759 English cricket season, Annus Mirabilis of 1759, Invasion of Martinique, Battle of Maxen, Battle of Meissen, Articles of Capitulation of Quebec, Battle of Peterswalde, Battle of Pondicherry, 1759 in Wales. Excerpt: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, (Bataille des Plaines d'Abraham or Première bataille de Québec in French) was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States). The battle, which began on 13 September 1759, was fought between the British Army and Navy, and the French Army, on a plateau just outside the walls of Quebec City, on land that was originally owned by a farmer named Abraham Martin, hence the name of the battle. The battle involved fewer than 10,000 troops between both sides, but proved to be a deciding moment in the conflict between France and Britain over the fate of New France, influencing the later creation of Canada. The culmination of a three-month siege by the British, the battle lasted about 15 minutes. British troops commanded by General James Wolfe successfully resisted the column advance of French troops and Canadian military under Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm, using new tactics that proved extremely effective against standard military formations used in most large European conflicts. Both generals were mortally wounded during the battle; Wolfe received a blow that would end his life within only a few minutes of engagement and Montcalm died the next morning after receiving a bullet wound just below his ribs. In the wake of the battle, France's remaining military force in Canada and the rest of North America came under increasing pressure from British forces. While the French forces continued to fight and prevailed in several battles after Quebec was captured, the British did not relinquish their hold on the fortress. That tenacity carried over to other areas in North America; within four years, most of France's possessions in eastern North America would be ceded to Great Britain. A portrait of Wolfe printed circa 1776As the Seven Years' War entered its later stages through 1758 and 1759, French forces and colonies in northeastern North America came