1795 in Europe

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 36. Chapters: 1795 in Austria, 1795 in Denmark, 1795 in England, 1795 in France, 1795 in Great Britain, 1795 in Ireland, 1795 in Italy, 1795 in Lithuania, 1795 in Norway, 1795 in Poland, 1795 in Spain, 1795 in the Netherlands, Partitions of Poland, Wold Cottage, Naval Battle of Genoa, First Partition of Poland, Jay Treaty, Cutter v Powell, Battle of the Diamond, Naval Battle of Hyères Islands, 1795 English cricket season, Battle of Groix, Grodno Sejm, Second Partition of Poland, Siege of Roses, Targowica Confederation, First Battle of Groix, Partition Sejm, Croisière du Grand Hiver, Battle of Mainz, Action of 14 February 1795, Polish National Committee, Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars, Siege of Luxembourg, Kew Letters, Third Partition of Poland, Seditious Meetings Act 1795, Peace of Basel, Treason Act 1795, Duty on Hair Powder Act 1795, Treaty of The Hague, French Constitution of 1795, 1795 in Wales, Copenhagen Fire of 1795, French constitutional referendum, 1795, French Directory election, 1795, Revolutionary Committee of the Batavian Republic, Poor Removal Act 1795. Excerpt: The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The partitions were carried out by the Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, and Habsburg Austria dividing up the Commonwealth lands among themselves. Three partitions took place: The partitions are also divided by the partitioner into the Austrian partition, Prussian partition and the Russian partition. The term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any subsequent division of Polish lands or to the diaspora communities that played important political roles in the reestablishment of the Polish nation-state after 1918. Before the partitions: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at its greatest extentDuring the reign of Wladyslaw IV (1632-48), the liberum veto had evolved. This policy of parliamentary procedure was based on the assumption of the political equality of every "gentleman", with the corollary that unanimous consent was required for all measures. A single member of parliament's belief that a measure was injurious to his own constituency (usually simply his own estate), even after the act had already been approved, became sufficient to strike the act. It became increasingly difficult to get action taken. The liberum veto also provided openings for foreign diplomats to get their ways, through bribing nobles to exercise it. Thus, one could characterise Poland-Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century), prior to the partitions as already not a completely sovereign state: it could be seen almost as a vassal state, or in modern terms, a Russian satellite state, with Russian tsars effectively choosing Polish kings. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King Stanislaw August Poniatowski, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress Catherine the Great. In 1730 the neighbours of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita), namely Prussia, Austr